India operates under a quasi-federal system of governance, characterized by a unique blend of unitary and federal attributes, as declared by its Constitution as a "Union of States." This framework establishes a strong central government alongside state units, underpinned by a written and rigid constitution, a dual polity, and bicameralism. Power distribution is delineated through Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, specifying legislative domains.
The current quasi-federal structure confronts various challenges, notably strains in Centre-state relations. These tensions are exacerbated by fiscal constraints and increasing administrative and political centralization within the federal framework.
Despite these challenges, India's quasi-federal model has demonstrated significant resilience and adaptability. It has successfully maintained national unity while accommodating the country's extensive diversity. Furthermore, institutions fostering cooperative federalism—such as the GST Council, Niti Aayog, Inter-State Council, and Zonal Councils—serve as vital platforms for dialogue and consensus-building between the central government and states.
Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-india-chose-a-quasi-federal-model-why-it-remains-the-best-fit-10338573/